Over the past few years, there has been a growing movement of people who are leaving the evangelical church as a result of deconstructing their faith—a process that involves reflecting on which of their beliefs have been shaped by cultural, political or socio-economic values rather than the values of the kingdom of God. Through this process, many find their beliefs no longer align with those of their evangelical churches. In a previous Salvationist article, I examined this “ex-vangelical” movement through the lens of the Psalms, which captures the complexity of the Christian journey in prayers of orientation, disorientation and new orientation.

Many ex-vangelicals are not leaving the church because they don’t believe in the good news. Rather, they are reacting to a general drift of evangelicalism toward Christian fundamentalism. They often find community and solidarity among similarly minded people online as they grieve the inadequacy of their churches in supporting them through their process of deconstructing and reconstructing their faith. Without support, many of them do not get to the “reconstructing” phase and simply “deconvert.”

Why are these ex-vangelicals not finding adequate support in their evangelical churches? Most evangelical church leaders see deconstruction and reconstruction as hazardous to both personal faith and church authority. But instead of being defensive, can we recover the biblical tradition of wrestling with God?

Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism

People looking in from the outside have synonymized evangelicals and fundamentalists. They hear Christians making polarizing claims about politics, science, racialized people and people who are gender or sexually diverse. There may be differences in levels of militancy between evangelicals and fundamentalists. Such differences, however, don’t get covered in the news and on social media platforms.

As to the view from the inside, it can be hard to find an evangelical Christian who can describe evangelical Christianity and what makes it distinct as part of the body of Christ. A basic definition of evangelicalism, as described by British historian David Bebbington, includes four features:

  1. The Bible is inspired by God.
  2. The atoning work of Jesus Christ is central for faith.
  3. Salvation involves having a personal relationship with God that leads one away from sin and toward discipleship and holiness. 
  4. And finally, Christians are called to participate in God’s work by living in ways that pursue the kingdom of God in creation. This can include partnering with others pursuing social justice who identify as Christian, religious and secular. As they do so, evangelicals share God’s good news.

None of this precludes the processes of deconstruction and reconstruction. But fundamentalism does.

Fundamentalists understand the Bible as not only inspired by God but also inerrant and infallible. This means biblical criticism (analyzing Scripture in terms of authorship, audience and other contextual factors) is viewed as unnecessary and even threatening to its truth and the Christian faith. So, Christians who want to dig deeper into Scripture’s meaning are also threats. This is only one example of the narrowness of fundamentalist culture. When it comes to participating in God’s work in creation, fundamentalists turn inward, condemning most of what comes from outside their communities. This narrow-mindedness inherent to fundamentalism is creeping into evangelical communities.

Why are these ex-vangelicals not finding adequate support in their evangelical churches?

Perhaps because evangelical Christians don’t have a strong sense of evangelical identity, and perhaps because we live in a time that accepts extremes and rejects nuance, people who identify as evangelical are difficult to distinguish from people who identify as fundamentalist. I can understand why ex-vangelicals leave.

The Salvation Army and Evangelicalism

The Salvation Army, an evangelical part of the universal Christian church, is in decline in this territory. Part of the decline, I believe, is due to evangelicalism’s drift toward fundamentalism. We are drifting away from the openness of good news and hunkering down to wait out the storm. I encourage you to reflect on this matter and decide whether you agree. If you do, how can we become people of good news again?

If we believe that God remains willing to work through The Salvation Army, and if we can commit to actively responding to God’s Spirit, let us be more receptive to the claims made by people who leave us behind.

Consider the following suggestions. They are given in the interest of welcoming and keeping people who undergo orientation, disorientation and new orientation. They also put us back in alignment with the good news expressed in the identity, mission and doctrines of The Salvation Army.

Salvation Across a Lifetime

According to Doctrine 7, salvation requires a person to repent, claim faith in Jesus and accept the Holy Spirit’s regeneration. We often consider personal salvation as the first step along a straight and narrow path of faith. But our doctrines don’t limit salvation to a first step.

Doctrine 9 maintains salvation happens throughout our journey. As Christians, we repent, explore what it means to be faithful and pray for the Spirit’s regeneration not just once but over and over. This opens us to the idea that the journey of faith is not narrow and not for the narrow-minded. We traverse a thorny path that takes us to places of disorientation and reorientation. Our journey is fraught with unexpected challenges but blessed with undeserved grace. We are always being saved by God.

Paul says as much to the Corinthian church (see 1 Corinthians 1:18 and 15:1-2). And he tells Philippian Christians to work out their salvation in fear and trembling as God is at work in them (see Philippians 2:12-13). Admitting he hasn’t achieved the goal of being Christlike, Paul continues to press on and pursue Christlikeness (see Philippians 3:12-14). Salvation takes place across our lives.

How might we flex our understanding of salvation to incorporate a lifetime of orientation, disorientation and reorientation? A life that includes deconstruction and reconstruction? Let’s return to the stories of biblical figures with complex journeys. People such as Jacob who wrestled with God. People such as David who struggled with multiple faults. These people are counted in the great cloud of witnesses that surrounds us (see Hebrews 11 and 12).

Inspired Scripture

We are an educated people. It’s no longer enough to limit sermons and studies to the comforting verses and instructional passages we have relied on in the past. Educated evangelicals find little satisfaction in a read of Scripture that overlooks its more problematic or contradictory passages. They don’t see a critical examination of the Bible as a threat to their faith but as a way to strengthen it.

Further, a Salvationist perspective does not view Scripture as inerrant or infallible. We worship God, not the Bible. The Handbook of Doctrine indicates that our primary source of faith and practice is a “word in time” written by humans and inspired by God. In the Wesleyan way, we discern its truth with the help of God’s Spirit and the community of believers. We evaluate every portion of Scripture in light of its overarching truths. And we accept that it doesn’t speak to every matter we face.

A Salvationist perspective does not view Scripture as inerrant or infallible. We worship God, not the Bible.

As we preach, teach and study together, let’s look at Scripture in fresh ways. We have resources for this. Consider using one of Dr. Donald Burke’s articles in Salvationist as a guide for a Bible study.

Salvation Army Culture

I’ve used Salvation Army doctrine to explain salvation and Scripture interpretation. But sometimes doctrines can seem tired and irrelevant to our lives. Or they can be used to separate ourselves from the influence of outsiders. Both perspectives create an isolated Salvation Army culture. When Jesus fulfilled the law, he didn’t nullify it. Nor did he use it to separate his followers from outsiders. He lived out its spirit. He gave good news to the poor, freed oppressed people and proclaimed the year of the Lord’s favour. He showed the relevance of ancient law to his own age.

Surely, we can determine the relevance of Salvation Army doctrine to ours. A plain-sense read of doctrine can be just as limiting as a plain-sense read of Scripture. So, let’s review the doctrines, along with the covenants we make as soldiers and officers. I recommend Major Ray Harris’ book, Convictions Matter, as a guide for small group conversations on doctrine.

Social Holiness

The earliest Christians used their own resources to ensure unmet needs didn’t deter people from a life of enjoying God in community (see Acts 2:44-47 and 4:32-37). Likewise, The Salvation Army claims that personal faith goes hand in hand with a responsibility to serve others. We call it “social holiness.” Salvationists are poised to serve the unserved and the underserved, seeing them not merely as needy but as whole people requiring holistic care. Our territory makes the claim that we serve without discrimination, something fundamentalist Christianity does not claim. Yet, there remain people we find it hard to serve, particularly in our corps. As well, we see fewer soldiers employed or volunteering in social services ministries.

Younger people—religious, spiritual or otherwise—are increasingly interested in working toward social justice. Ex-vangelicals see other church bodies engaged in creative, faith-filled service. Perhaps we have something to learn from churches outside our organization.

God’s Good News

The very heart of evangelicalism is in the name. Good news doesn’t remove discipline from discipleship. But it does mean God’s desire to be gracious to us far outweighs our capacity to walk perfectly along the journey of faith.

Do we yearn to be as gracious? Does judgment sometimes prevent us from valuing people whose lives look different from our own? Faith-based facilitation, a Salvation Army method for sensitive conversations, can be used to explore where our judgments might be getting in the way of sharing good news. The Ethics Centre can put you in touch with someone who can facilitate a conversation.

As we seek to support people in our churches who are undergoing the deconstructing process, let’s make changes that witness to a God who so loves the world.

Dr. Aimee Patterson is a Christian ethics consultant at The Salvation Army Ethics Centre in Winnipeg.

Photo: Serhii Ivashchuk/iStock via Getty Images Plusare

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Comment

On Friday, December 30, 2022, Lorna Rogers Simard said:

Reading this article tonight I say Bravo. I was raised in TSA with the perspective of the 1969 Handbook of Doctrine. Later revisions after the Lausanne Movement Conferences, have allowed the phraseology related to the Lausanne Covenant on infalliblity and inerrancy of scripture to creep into our re-writes of our Doctrine of the Inspiration, to the point that fundamentalism as Dr Aimee Patterson describes it, is prevalent from many SA pulpits now. I feel this change started when church apologetic ine vangelical denominations failed to deal with the Creation/Evolution controversy, and our Canadian Sunday Schools were using American produced Sunday School materials. As an adult chaperone at Youth Councils I once suffered through a workshop which presented a powerpoint fundamentalist approach to the creation/evolution controversy. Some of the PP sldies displayed the word STUPID in bold red letters superimposed over the pictures of great scientists and thinkers like Sir Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin. I witnessed Science portrayed as the enemy of faith, but even worse I saw our young university students put down when they presented their counter arguments. Did my husbanda nd I remain silent? NO! Infallibility and Inerrancy is not the Doctrine of Inspiration of Scripture that I grew up with in TSA nor what I signed off on when I became a Soldier. It is important what one believes and I agree this type of fundamentalism is largely responsible for a falling away from the church in general. I also agree with Heather Allington's comment above that it should be made clear from every SA pulpit that we do not believe in the infallibility and inerrancy of scripture and our Training Colleges must make sure cadets understand that.

On Monday, September 26, 2022, Aaron Birch said:

I read Dr. Patterson’s article with the above title after church and was moved by it…but not in a good way. As someone who has been attending the Army for a number of years, I found a number of her assertions, conclusions, representations and definitions, and even logic in her article troubling. In my response, I shall try to respond to mainly one item; her characterization of fundamentalism. Fundamental: A simple definition. It means, according to a quick internet search,

A. “forming a base or core of central importance. “ B. “a central or primary rule or principle on which something is based:

That’s it! Doesn’t sound like anything scary to me. The early church could in every sense be called fundamentalists…as they were forced to respond to the Arian controversy and other heresies of their day. From these early councils, we have our doctrines and creeds. They chose to codify doctrine faithful to both scripture and tradition.

Later, a reformer known as Martin Luther, would call the catholic church back to scriptural faithfulness. What flowed from the early reformation was the Five Solae. One key sola is Sola Scriptura. The reason for this was because of the institutional corruption and doctrinal heresies of the catholic church; think indulgences, immaculate conception and other catholic teachings which found no grounding in scripture. The Solae (a core set of beliefs of central importance, remember our definitions) were a call to a Christianity marked by its faithfulness to scripture. Hence, “Scripture Alone”.

Later, Christianity would be immersed in another kind of battle. This time, it would be against a growing tide of Christian liberalism. The church during the 19th and early 20thcenturies had been grappling with enlightenment rationalism.

Liberals also accepted the Bible’s historical limitations, seeing it as an ancient text bound to its original time and place, when myth and miracle were accepted as true.

The so-called New Theology was more about ethics (not surprisingly, Dr. Patterson is an ethicist) than about metaphysics; less concerned with doctrinal formulations about the Trinity or atonement than with refitting Christianity for the modern world.

At its best, 19th-century liberalism was a warm, optimistic faith keyed to the spirit of its day; a growing number of conservative critics, however, saw it as vague and imprecise, making dangerous concessions on the authority of the Bible and the uniqueness of Christ as the only avenue of salvation.

In their view, it was little more than dry rationalism, bound by the naturalistic presuppositions of science more than the reality of the supernatural. This is how Christian liberal theologians attempted to “reconstruct” their faith. “Reconstruction” meant sacrificing long held traditional beliefs of the bible in order to yield to the new rationalism that was sweeping across some denominations.

This was the case in 1910, when the New York presbytery’s refusal to ordain three candidates who did not assent to the doctrine of the virgin birth led to a series of reversals and rulings that ended with the General Assembly issuing a list of the five “fundamentals” of the Christian faith: the inerrancy of the Bible, the death of Christ the only atonement for sin, Christ ’s bodily resurrection, the truth of miracles, and the virgin birth of Christ (obtained from Wikipedia.)

The outworking of Christian Liberalism, from a historical perspective, has simply been an unbelief which erodes the very spiritual life and vitality of a church if it is allowed to take root. The 1910 case was but a microcosm of a growing trend affecting the church. Paul, however, warns us in Hebrews that “Without faith, it is impossible to please God” Hebrews 11:1

Dr. Patterson’s “straw man” argument that fundamentalism is characterized by a narrowmindedness is, I believe, itself a mischaracterization. The greatest theologians have been marked by their fidelity to scripture. The same apologists have been men of great intellect. To say that fundamentalism, as defined by a belief in a core set of principles or truths, is the result of a narrowmindedness is to call all the defenders of the faith from the early church fathers, to the reformers, and the fundamentalists of the 20th century narrowminded.

To the contrary, it has been fundamentalism which has given rise to great movements such as the Intelligent Design Movement of our present day. This is because the early fundamentalists were increasingly forced to move outside of scripture in an attempt to validate its authority. Today, there are a good number of Christian authors which are bringing to light general revelation or natural theology in more powerful ways. These are not narrowminded men and women, I can assure you. These “fundamentalists”, instead of trying to “reconstruct” our faith, have rekindled the faith of many in the bible’s trustworthiness.

So, let us believe the content of our faith. What is the point anyhow of being an evangelical and calling others to a faith that you don’t even really believe in? Will they not look at you funny? Will they not see your hypocrisy? So, I leave you with the words of Christ. “Be not faithless, but believing.” John 20:27. Who did he say that too?....I think it was doubting Thomas.

By the way, Salvationists believe in the authority of the bible” as the final court of appeal” (See P.8 Salvation Army Handbook of Doctrine.) and a “word for all time”. See P.9

On Saturday, June 4, 2022, Les Spousta said:

I can not reconcile the your statement concerning our first doctrine and the statement that there is a difference between saying that scripture is inerrant and infallible and saying all scripture in the old and new testaments are God-breathed and given by inspiration of God through the Holy Spirit. If the Holy Spirit gave each writer of the all 66 books of the Canon exactly what to write then how are we not to believe that the Holy Spirit ensured all in the Bible to be totally true and accurate and to understand scripture in 1 book of the Bible does not contradict any scripture in another book of the Bible. If we say that scripture indeed can be fallible or errant to me that is contradictory. I also am not familiar with any need to go from oriented to disoriented to reoriented. The mental health nurse part of me really has trouble with that one from a point of view of coming from an unsaved state to a saved state to living according to the Bible and confessing to God when I sun by go away from God’s standard and commandments so thst I can be forgiven because of God’s grace and because of Jesus’s atoning work on the Cross. My orientation from a world view that man is a spiritual being with bio-psycho-and socio needs and relationships from my education at ORU while earning a masters in nursing degree (MSN). The whole person theoretical framework starts with that view and point of few of mankind. I grew up Catholic for 29 years and then became part of a the Protestant Chapel vs Catholic side of the Chapel with the help of a couple years of learning about discipleship from volunteers of the Navigator Ministry there at the Chapel. The Navigator Ministry is headquartered in Colorado Springs and the leaders in this Chapel at my base in Frankfurt Germany were missionaries of the Navigator Ministry and not military members. After returning to the US in North America my wife and I started attending Southern Baptist Churches as we moved from Stare to State from Illinois to Oklahoma (having been an active duty USAF Nurse Officer for the Air Force for 10 years and then a reserve nurse with AF Reserve for 3 year) moved to Virginia to live and serve as a Nurse Officer of The US PHS Commissioned Corps in Washington DC for 2.5 years and then to to Alaska where I served as PHS Nurse Officer for 12.5 years more and this is where we met the SA and became soldiers (after having been part of Southern Baptist churches for 20 years in IL, OK, VA, and AK)and local officers and then retired from PHS to go to CFOT at Palos VERDES CA for 2 years as Cadets and now have been a Salvationist for 24 years. We served as SA officers in the SW Div of the US Western Territory for over 13 years in Arizona and New Mexico and retired due to my age and the Rule about retirement being connected to age to start Medicare for health coverage. We now have lived in NC for just under 5 years. Any way, all this to say I understand the Catholic Doctrine and Dogma well and also the SBC doctrine well through the Baptist Faith and Message and much study in Sunday Schools for 20 years and also having been in service on committees within the SB churches. Now am still quite familiar with SA and our 11 Doctrines and how they came to be and the grounding in Arminianism and the root Wesley’s Doctrine that Methodism has. So I can think abstractly and not so abstractly. At any rate do not find the need to regroups myself in social doctrine or a pure social helping orientation. The writing at the top of the area of writing I am in has a quote about how “Good News doesn’t remove discipleship. But it does mean God’s desire to be gracious to us far out weighs our capacity to walk perfectly along the journey of faith.” I do not think my needing to rely on Christ’s Grace frequently it has kept me grounded on the faith journey not taken me off the path God set for me. No I do not see the need to think that I must have a socialist or liberal view of the world or Christianity to continue to serve God as a redeemed human being striving to be a Christian as well as possible still utilizing 1John 1:7-9 as part of my grounding and also the 11 SA doctrines that I try to review from time to time. When becoming a candidate for Officership the key issue I was asked about was the Doctrine of Faith most quoted as a Baptist concerning Calvinism and being once saved always saved and the SA doctrine #9. I think in truth most SB led folks one day if a person seems so out of Grace and so unBiblically oriented most would say the person might be really backslidden you almost a terminal point or otherwise not ever saved in the first place do you maybe never really accepted Jesus as personal savior. Article #9 means I must continue keeping myself connected to my SAlvstion through Jesus and saving faith in Christ through Jesus’ atoning work and through the Holy Spirit within my Heart and as a clear thinking person I continually try to stay in communion and in fellowship and communication directly with Jesus through prayer and staying in tune and connection w Him by continuing in life continually recommitting to Christ with help of Confesdion and re-establishing my position as a Christian and orientation walking in the right direction upward as a citizen of the USA and dual citizenship as a citizen-in waiting of Heaven awaiting Promotion to Glory by movement by means of movement via the Holy Spirit. The Trinity I have understood since being in CCD classes as a 5 or 6 year old Catholic boy to my Confirmation as a 12 year old Catholic boy who was also serving in Mass as an altar boy which I did for about 6 years total on an AF base in France and also in NC as my dad was 26 years in the USAF before I was a total of 10 years as Air Force Nurse w 310 years active and 3 as reservist while going to ORU full time and working as a civilian nurse in Tulsa for 3 years. My hsving been a RN for 48 years this year also ground me in hsving served helping humanity to be cared for as well as possible. I guess that is it. It’s who I am. Now my wife and I serve our family as full time as possible as Ministers and Nurse for me and my wife as a selfless loving mom and grand mother and wife and sister, Brice, and daughter. We have family throughout the East Coast and in WI and CA. And friends across the country. Have a good evening. Got to go.

On Friday, June 3, 2022, Renee McFadden said:

Beautifully written and articulate work Aimee, your scholarship is an asset to those seeking to understand. May our wrestling with God enable our human frailty and judgments to be transformed, so they may not get in the way of sharing the good news. Perfect love casts out all fear.

On Tuesday, May 31, 2022, Juan said:

“A Salvationist perspective does not view Scripture as inerrant or infallible.” For the readers responding to this, it has obviously stricken a chord. However, Dr. Patterson is correct. Our first doctrine only says the following: “We believe that the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments were given by inspiration of God, and that they only constitute the Divine rule of Christian faith and practice.” There is a substantial difference between inspiration and inerrancy.

In Salvation Story, which is an exposition of our doctrine, it says this: “The Salvation Army’s statement of faith does not include any reference to the infallibility or inerrancy of Scripture. What we do affirm is that we can rely upon the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments for instruction and guidance in matters of divine truth and the Christian life, because in Scripture we meet the inspired Word of God himself, Jesus Christ. The Holy Spirit who inspired the writers also illumines those who read its pages and leads them to faith.”

We sometimes think we know what our doctrines say or what The Salvation Army believes, but we really do not. We sometimes rely on an amalgam of thought that is influenced by other denominations, various Christian media and sometimes even SA preachers who neglect our own theology. So, it is understandable why some Salvationists react to this. We want to disavow anything that might appear to undermine our faith. But I can honestly say that in my two years of training college, or any time spent completing my degree at Booth University College, not once did I hear an instructor state that the inerrancy of Scripture was fundamental to SA belief. That is not a terrible thing. There are plenty of SA resources available that can help us understand the Bible in its proper perspective and why that is a particularly enriching experience.

On Monday, May 30, 2022, Kevin Broughton said:

I had planned to write an extensive comment about this article but I think Cynthia & concerned did it much more clearly & succinctly tha I ever could.

I find it very concerning that there is no editorial over site of items published inout flagship periodical to ensure that the align with the Army’s beliefs, values & doctrine.

On Friday, May 27, 2022, Cynthia Vandusen said:

I am distressed by the statement that Salvationists do not view Scripture as inerrant or infallible. This is contrary to Doctrine 1 of the Soldier’s Covenant. It is contrary to all I have come to believe and know about Scripture that is God breathed, living, active, sharp and absolute truth. We worship the one and only Sovereign God of the universe whose plan of salvation is documented in Scripture and perfectly, willingly and obediently fulfilled by Jesus Christ. The Word of God has not lost its power. We fail to acknowledge its power and purity. Such hubris on our part. Lord help us see the error of our ways and repent.

On Wednesday, May 25, 2022, Concerned said:

An interesting article, and a lot to consider.

That said, the Army's decline in Canada has little to do with evangelicalism's drift toward fundamentalism. This drift is also arguably largely an American phenomenon, which is not replicated to nearly the same degree in Canadian evangelicalism.

Rapidly changing demographics and modern Biblical scholarship that casts doubt on many of our long held doctrines and beliefs are just two factors among many that have caused the difficulties the Army (as a denomination) now faces. These are outside the Army's ability to influence or control, and their effect is exacerbated by the Army's distinctiveness and small size.

On Wednesday, May 25, 2022, Heather Allington said:

So refreshing to read Aimee's article, particularly the statement that TSA does not view the Bible as inerrant or infallible. Do all Salvationists know/believe this? It should be made clear from every pulpit.

On Wednesday, May 25, 2022, Catherine Evenden said:

Thank you for this article. Lots for us all to consider.

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